International Conference on Diabetes and Diabetic Nursing Care September 20-21, 2017 Charlotte, North Carolina, USA

The consequences of diabetes are simply far beyond our expectations, day-by-day there is a new risk involved. Excess of unused glucose in the blood is scattered all over the body where not supposed to be in. Thus, if the hyperglycemia is not maintained, it can affect every organ in the body from tip to toe but with the correct treatment and recommended lifestyle changes, the onset of complications can be prevented (or) delayed.

In addition to this there are the long term damages to our body which are like microvascular complications, macrovascular complications, cellulitis, Alzheimer’s disease,  Angiopathy, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar coma

Pathophysiology of diabetes is uncertain and depends on the type of the diabetes, there is a direct link between the hyperglycemia and physiological & behavioural responses, the signals are then sent by the brain to the pancreas to decrease its (pancreas) own functions.. Diabetes type 1 pathophysiology is the condition in which immune system attacks and destroys the insulin producing beta pancreatic cells. Diabetes type 2 is caused due to relative deficiency of insulin but not the absolute. Pathophysiology of gestational diabetes occurred by increase production of the counter-insulin hormones of pregnancy. Pathophysiology of prediabetes is similar to type 2 diabetes , two defects are insulinresistance and early betacellfailure. Genetic, immunological and metabolic components involved in pathophysiology of latent autoimmunediabetes in adults.

Endocrine system is a unique and essential part which helps in normal body functioning. It looks after the functions like growth of cells, organs and metabolism. Endocrine system keeps body’s hormone and secretion levels in balance.

Pancreas is the most important endocrine hormone which helps  in the production of important hormones helping in maintaining the glucose levels at balance. Insulin is the most significant hormone playing role in maintaining the body’s glucose, its deficiency causes diabetes mellitus.

Hence, there exists a direct relation between endocrine system and diabetes. Some topics which can be dealt in it will be hormones and receptors, endocrine regulation, pediatric endocrine, endocrine  diseases, neuroendocrinology, hormone replacement  therapy.

Genes will show the modest effect on diabetes or a related endophenotype such as insulin resistance or lower metabolic rate. The mutations in the genes or the hereditary effects are carried on to the next generation. The mutations may be like proinsulin conversion defects, insulin gene mutations, insulin receptors mutations and mitochondrial. 

Understanding the role of genetics requires looking at other factors as well. Scientists have linked several gene mutations to a higher diabetes risk. Not everyone who carries a mutation will get diabetes. However, many people with diabetes have one or more of these mutations.

There are some specific substances commonly found in the modern diet that are diabetogenic. Indeed, foods can heal, but they can also harm. If we removed or greatly restricted our use of these foods, the tsunami of diabetes, and many other common lifestyle diseases, would begin to recede.

Diabetes can affect both the male and female reproductive systems but this should not necessarily prevent reproduction. The main risk involved regarding reproductive system is infertility and here are some reproductive syndromes and effects- vaginitis, pcos, early postmenopause, hypogonadism. Men with diabetes also have a higher chance of developing sexual and reproductive health problems like androgen (or testosterone) deficiency, erectile dysfunction, retrograde ejaculation.

Gestational diabetes is the type of diabetes that develops only during pregnancy and diagnosed. During pregnancy our body cannot cope with the extra demand for insulin  production, it is because during pregnancy , the hormones of placenta may cause building of high sugar levels in the blood. Usually,  pancreas can make enough of the insulin which counter acts the increased blood glucose levels, but if not it leads to gestational diabetes. There are more chances of gestational diabetes converting into type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Diabetes is a long term condition which can influence the life of a Young individual or a child and also their family and carers. It is most predominant in kids in created nations and majorly affects the development and advancement and enthusiastic prosperity of the influenced kid. Worldwide there is a clear increment in the occurrence of this malady, particularly in kids under five years old. Furthermore, this illness, if insufficiently oversaw, expands the danger of creating miniaturized scale vascular and full scale –vascular inconveniences. T1d is a standout amongst the most well-known interminable ailments starting in the adolescence and records for more than 90% of the instances of youth diabetes, with a general predominance rate of 0.2-0.5% over the Caucasoid populaces.

Diabetic neuropathy is a type of nerve damage that can occur if you have diabetes. High blood glucose can injure nerve fibers throughout your body, but diabetic neuropathy most often damages nerves in your legs and feet. Depending on the affected nerves, symptoms of diabetic neuropathy can range from pain and numbness in your extremities to problems with your digestive system, urinary tract, blood vessels and heart.

Diabetic coma is one of a life threatening complication of diabetes which causes unconsciousness. if a diabetic individual have dangerously high blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia ) or dangerously lower blood glucose levels (hypoglycemia) can lead to a diabetic coma.

The diabetic coma is very uncommon but is very dreadful, if lapsed into, a victim will be alive but may not respond purposely to sights, sounds or other types of stimulation. If left untreated diabetic coma can be fatal.

The prospect of a diabetic coma is scary, but fortunately can be prevented if some of the necessitated precautions are taken i.e., by following a diabetes treatment plan.

Diabetic nephropathy or diabetic kidney disease is a progressive kidney disease caused by damage to the capillaries in the kidneys' glomeruli. It is characterized by nephrotic syndrome and diffuse scarring of the glomeruli. It is due to longstanding diabetes mellitus, and is a prime reason for dialysis.

Diabetes and urologic diseases are very common health problems that markedly increase in prevalence and incidence with advancing age. Diabetes is associated with an earlier onset and increased severity of urologic diseases, resulting in costly and debilitating urologic complications. Urologic complications, including bladder dysfunction, sexual and erectile dysfunction, as well as urinary tract infections, have a profound effect on the quality of life of men and women with diabetes. Over 50% of men and women with diabetes have bladder dysfunction. Diabetes has been identified as an important independent risk factor for incontinence in several large observational studies. Current understanding of bladder dysfunction reflects a progressive condition encompassing a broad spectrum of lower urinary tract symptoms including urinary urgency, frequency, nocturia, and incontinence.

Type 1 diabetes is a chronic T-cell mediated disease that leads to the destruction of the insulin-secreting islet β-cells resulting in absolute insulin deficiency and hyperglycaemia. The clinical presentation of T1D is preceded by an asymptomatic period lasting from months to years which is characterised by autoantibodies against islet β-cell components. Insulin autoantibodies are amongst the first to appear, followed by autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase and then spreading to IA-2 (insulinoma-associated tyrosine phosphatase protein) and ZnT8 (zinc-transporter 8).

It is estimated that about one-third diabetic people suffer from skin disorder at sometime or the other in their lives. This disorder which directly effect  the skin and make the skin loose its lustre. Few skin conditions which are caused due to diabetes are like scleroderma diabeticorum, vitiligo, acanthosis nigricans, diabeticblisters. The diabetic people are even more susceptible to bacterial and fungal infections; allergic reactions to medications, insect bites or foods; dry itchy skin as a result of poor blood circulation and infections from foot injuries for people with nephropathy.

The purpose of the case study and research is as clear as a crystal i.e., to develop new methods and analyse more things related to diabetes. The rodent models and other animal models help us to see the drug efficacy and help us to understand the pharmacological studies before admitting to humans. It is not safe to test the effects of a drug directly on any human model.

The more the research done more will be the best output by giving revolutionized medication, treatments, diagnosis, management and few more things.

Diabetes though recognised since antiquity, there were no proper treatments for it till ages. Now-a-days advanced treatments are going on in order to treat the disorder more and more effectively. 

The researches are being held in a direction of early detection to the most effective advanced treatments. Advanced treatments include development of insulin pumps, insulin injections, solid dosage forms, transplantations, surgeries, targeting mst1, artificial pancreas and many more.

The advances not only being held to develop new methods but to make the most effective treatment which are affordable even by the ordinary population globally.

Herbals and alternatives Remedies have been utilized for health and restorative purposes for a few a great many years, majority of people still using herbal medicine to meet their wellbeing needs. Herbal supplements for the treatment of Hormonal Problems such as Estrogen and Progesterone in Women and Treatment for menopausal Hormone Imbalance, etc. Homeopathy is a technique for treating disease by medications, given in moment dosages that would deliver in sound individual indications like those of the illness.

• Anti-obesity herbal medicine
• Adaptogen Herbs
• Ayurvedic Medicine
• Herbs and supplements

Diabetes has become a matter of huge concern as it is a cosmopolitan disorder with an estimated 285 million diabetic, corresponding to 6.4 percentage of world’s adult population, are living with diabetes. The diabetic population is expected to explode to 438 million by 2030, corresponding to 7.8 percentage of the adult population. The rate of this disorder is on it’s highest at increase. As it is a leading problem globally there is also a gigantic demand for the diagnosis and screening, medication. The global type 2 diabetes market is set to almost double from $31.2 billion in 2015 to $58.7 billion by 2025, representing a compound annual growth rate of 6.5%, according to research and consulting firm Global Data.

The pharmaceutical business is attaining a top places in this field of medication.